Craigslist provides local classifieds and forums for jobs, housing, for sale, services, local community, and events. Batty (バッティ Batti) is one of Dokurokushe's minions who has an appearance of a man like bat. When looking for the Linkle Stone Emerald, he encounters the Pretty Cure. He is part of the Dark Magician Trio with Sparda and Gamettsu. He is defeated in episode 20 when he tries to grab the Linkle Stone.
The is the largest metro system by route length.Rapid transit or mass rapid transit ( MRT), also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, U-Bahn or underground, is a type of high-capacity generally found in. Unlike or, rapid transit systems are that operate on an exclusive, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort, and which is often in or on.Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between typically using on, although some systems use guided rubber tires,. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same. However, some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines.The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground which opened as a conventional railway in 1863, and now forms part of the.
In 1868, New York opened the elevated, initially a cable-hauled line using static.has the largest number of at 31, with over 4,500 km of lines and is responsible for most of the world's rapid transit expansion in the past decade. The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by is the. The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total) is the. The by annual ridership are the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the, and the. A crowded station platform.Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers.
Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy; the use of inspires names such as subway, underground, Untergrundbahn in German, or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish; the use of inspires names such as elevated ( L or el), skytrain, overhead, overground or Hochbahn in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if a large part of the network (for example, in outer suburbs) runs at ground level.In most of, a subway is a; the terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground, and the North East England, mostly overground, is known as the Metro. In, however, the underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway. In most of, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways. The term metro is a shortened reference to a. 's system that serves the entire metropolitan area is called, while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the. Rapid transit systems such as the, the, and the are generally called the Metro.
In most of, rapid transit systems are primarily known as MRT (Mass Rail Transit) or MTR (Mass Transit Railway).History. Initial construction stages of London's at in 1861The opening of London's steam-hauled in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam and the natural choice for trains running in tunnels and proved superior for elevated services.In 1890 the was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground.
Prior to opening the line was to be called the 'City and South London Subway', thus introducing the term Subway into railway terminology. Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into. The 1893 was designed to use electric traction from the outset.The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe, the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from the outset., and all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services.Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as and, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems. In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems, particularly those in Australia, where density in cities was low and tended to. Since the 1970s, the viability of underground train systems in Australian cities, particularly and, has been reconsidered and proposed as a solution to over-capacity.Since the 1960s many new systems were introduced in,. In the 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion operating some of the largest systems and possessing almost 60 cities operating, constructing or planning a.
Operation. A train in painted in honor of theRapid transit is used in, and to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high. The extent of the rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies.Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear.Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as, regular,. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points.
Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops. Coaches of are color-coded to indicate different service lines.Each rapid transit system consists of one or more lines, or circuits. Each line is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof.
Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in the suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the, the, the and the.Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city center, for instance in the.
The and are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The has most of its lines converging on, the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the 's and 's.The capacity of a line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the. Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the —more standing gives higher capacity. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to the use of: the minimum headway can reach 90 seconds, but many systems typically use 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays.
Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 people per hour. The highest attained capacity is 80,000 people per hour by the in Hong Kong. Network topologies.
Main article:Rapid transit are determined by a large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an area of land with a set of lines, which consist of shapes summarized as 'I', 'U', 'S', and 'O' shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross a body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network. A rough grid pattern can offer a wide variety of routes while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service.
A study of the 15 world largest subway systems suggested a universal shape composed of a dense core with branches radiating from it. Information panel showing the current location and upcoming stops of an East-West train in SingaporeRapid transit operators have often built up strong, often focused on easy recognition—to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities—combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority.
In many cities, there is a single for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile.A is a or used to show the routes and stations in a system. The main components are lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport.
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Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on, elsewhere in stations, and in printed. Maps help users understand the interconnections between different parts of the system; for example, they show the stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the connections among the different stations.
The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify the display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center.Some systems assign unique to each of their stations to help commuters identify them, which briefly encodes information about the line it is on, and its position on the line. For example, on the, has the alphanumeric code CG2, indicating its position as the 2nd station on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line. Interchange stations would have at least two codes, for example, has two codes, NS26 and EW14, the 26th station on the North South Line and the 14th station on the East West Line.With widespread use of the and globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when the next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest.Safety and security. See also:Compared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good record, with few accidents.
Rail transport is subject to strict, with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce the occurrence and severity of. Is more of a danger underground, such as the in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system.(usually over 1 meter / 3 feet) are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Are used on some systems to eliminate this danger.Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from problems:, such as and baggage theft, and more serious, as well as sexual assaults on tightly packed trains and platforms. Security measures include,. In some countries a specialized may be established.
These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying. Some subway systems, such as the, which is ranked by Worldwide Rapid Transit Data as the 'World's Safest Rapid Transit Network' in 2015, incorporate airport-style security checkpoints at every station. Rapid transit systems have been subject to with many casualties, such as the 1995 and the 2005 ' terrorist bombings on the London Underground.Added features Some rapid transport trains have extra features such as wall sockets and internet connectivity. For example, the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) provides mobile data connection in the tunnels for selected service providers.Infrastructure. The station on Line 12 of has several levels.Stations function as to allow passengers to board and disembark from trains.
They are also payment checkpoints and allow passengers to transfer between modes of transport, for instance to buses or other trains. Access is provided via either. Underground stations, especially deep-level ones, increase the overall transport time: long rides to the platforms mean that the stations can become bottlenecks if not adequately built. Some underground and elevated stations are integrated into vast or networks respectively, that connect to nearby commercial buildings.
In suburbs, there may be a ' connected to the station.To allow easy access to the trains, the allows step-free access between platform and train. If the station complies with standards, it allows both disabled people and those with wheeled baggage easy access to the trains, though if the track is curved there can be a. Some stations use to increase safety by preventing people falling onto the tracks, as well as reducing ventilation costs.The deepest station in the world is in (105.5 m).Particularly in the former and other Eastern European countries, but to an increasing extent elsewhere, the stations were built with splendid decorations such as marble walls, polished granite floors and mosaics—thus exposing the public to art in their everyday life, outside galleries and museums. The systems in, and are widely regarded as some of the most beautiful in the world. Several other cities such as, and have also focused on art, which may range from decorative wall claddings, to large, flamboyant artistic schemes integrated with station architecture, to displays of ancient artifacts recovered during station construction.
It may be possible to profit by attracting more passengers by spending relatively small amounts on grand, art, and a feeling of. Modal tradeoffs and interconnections. In London is shared by trains (left) and main line rail services (right), as well as the (not shown).Since the 1980s, have incorporated several features of rapid transit: systems (trams) run on their own, thus avoiding; they remain on the same level as buses and cars. Some light rail systems have elevated or underground sections. Both new and upgraded tram systems allow faster speed and higher capacity, and are a cheap alternative to construction of rapid transit, especially in smaller cities.A design means that an underground rapid transit system is built in the city center, but only a light rail or tram system in the suburbs. Conversely, other cities have opted to build a full metro in the suburbs, but run trams in city streets to save the cost of expensive tunnels.
In North America, were constructed as suburban trams, without the grade-separation of rapid transit. Premetros also allow a gradual upgrade of existing tramways to rapid transit, thus spreading the investment costs over time. They are most common in Germany with the name.Suburban is a heavy rail system that operates at a lower frequency than urban rapid transit, with higher average speeds, often only serving one station in each village and town. Commuter rail systems of some cities (such as German, Danish etc.) can be seen as the substitute for the city's rapid transit system providing frequent mass transit within city. In contrast, the mainly urban rapid transit sytems in some cities (such as the, of the, etc.) have lines that fan out to reach the outer suburbs.
With some other urban or 'near urban' rapid transit systems (, and, etc.) serving bi- and multi-nucleus.Some cities have opted for two tiers of urban railways: an urban rapid transit system (such as the, and the ) and a suburban system (such as their counterparts, future &, respectively). The suburban systems may have their own purpose built trackage, run at similar 'rapid transit-like' frequencies, and commonly are operated by the national railway company. In some cities these suburban services run through tunnels in the city center and have direct transfers to the rapid transit system, on the same or adjoining platforms. 's, 's and 's system is an example of a hybrid of the two: in the suburbs the lines function like a commuter rail line, with longer intervals and longer distance between stations; in the downtown areas, the stations become closer together and many lines interline with intervals dropping to typical rapid transit headways.Costs, benefits, and impacts. The in London allows for dense land use, while retaining a high capacity.As of March 2018, 212 cities have built rapid transit systems.
The is high, as is the risk of and benefit shortfall; is normally required. Rapid transit is sometimes seen as an alternative to an extensive system with many; the rapid transit system allows higher capacity with less land use, less environmental impact, and a lower cost.Elevated or underground systems in city centers allow the transport of people without occupying expensive land, and permit the city to develop compactly without physical barriers. Often depress nearby residential, but proximity to a rapid transit station often triggers commercial and residential growth, with large office and housing blocks being constructed. Also, an efficient transit system can decrease the economic welfare loss caused by the increase of in a metropolis.Rapid transit systems have high.
Most systems are publicly owned, by either local governments, or national governments. Capital investments are often partially or completely financed by taxation, rather than by passenger fares, but must often compete with funding for. The transit systems may be operated by the owner or by a private company through a.
The owners of the systems often also own the connecting bus or rail systems, or are members of the local, allowing for between modes. Almost all transit systems operate at a deficit, requiring, and to cover costs.The, a ratio of ticket income to operating costs, is often used to assess operational profitability, with some systems including Hong Kong's, and achieving recovery ratios of well over 100%. This ignores both heavy capital costs incurred in building the system, which are often subsidized with and whose is excluded from calculations of profitability, as well as ancillary revenue such as income from portfolios. Some systems, particularly Hong Kong's, extensions are partly financed by the sale of land whose value has appreciated by the new access the extension has brought to the area, a process known as.See also.